Biggest nuclear disasters
Today marks the 25th anniversary of the nuclear accident at Chernobyl. In light of that, and the story continuing to unfold at Japan's Fukishima plant, we'll look at three of the worst nuclear plant disasters. First, to give some context, here's how the International Nuclear and Radiological Event Scale (INES) classifies each type of event:
Level 7 disaster
Major release of radioactive material; widespread health and environmental effects
Level 6 accident
Significant release; requires planned countermeasures
Level 5 accident
Limited release; several deaths from radiation
Level 4 accident
Minor release
Level 3 incident
Exposure in excess of 10 times the annual limit for workers; possible burns from exposure
Level 2 incident
Exposure of statutory annual limits
Level 1: Anomaly
Definition
Skip ahead to see:
* Three Mile Island
* Chernobyl
* Fukushima
Date: April 26, 1986
Level: 7 on INES
Comparison: TheChernobyl plant accident (map it) released significantly more radiation into the atmosphere than the Hiroshima bombing during World War II. (How much more radiation?) How does that compare with the Fukishima event?
What happened:
* Plant operators carrying out technical experiment switched off key safety systems
* Explosion blew off the reactor's 2,000-ton steel and concrete lid
* No secondary containment vessel
* Casualties
* Videos of the disaster
Aftermath:
* Reactor later entombed (see photos); since has developed cracks and is being replaced by new structure
* An 18-mile (30-km) exclusion zone remains in force (map)
* You can visit the Chernobyl Museum in Kiev; tours are also offered inside the exclusion zone
Date: March 28, 1979
Level: 5 on INES
Comparison: Three Mile Island (map it) is said to have released a very low level of radiation. Some figures say the average exposure was equivalent to a common medical procedure (which one?).
What happened:
* Pump failed to circulate cooling water
* Efforts to ease pressure on reactor backfired when an open valve caused more coolant to pour out
* Rising temperatures caused hydrogen explosion in reactor building; 45 percent of the nuclear fuel rods melted
* After more than two hours, backup valve was shut, stopping leak; later reactor pump turned back on, temperature lowered
* Casualties – none
* Watch videos about the event
Aftermath:
* One of the plant's reactors was permanently shut down; the other is licensed to operate well into the future
Date: March 11, 2011
Level: Initially 4 on INES, upgraded to level 7 on April 12
Comparison: According to Japanese officials, the radiation levels near the plant (map it) rose to roughly twice those that constitute an emergency situation. (How much radiation was released and will it continue?)
What happened:
* 9.0-magnitude earthquake and following tsunami (videos) caused three of the six reactors at Fukushima plant to shut down
* Tsunami destroyed backup diesel generators, cut off pumps that circulate coolant around reactor cores
* Reactors overheated, causing partial meltdowns; explosions have damaged outer buildings
* Casualties
Aftermath:
* The latest on the disaster
* The evacuation zone has been recently extended